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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="ko" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KJORL</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2092-5859</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2092-6529</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Korean Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3342/kjorl-hns.2023.00262</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">kjorl-hns-2023-00262</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Otology</subject>
</subj-group></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>정상 성인에서 듣기 노력과 관련된 신경 생리학적 변화</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Neurophysiological Changes Associated With Listening Effort in Normal Adults</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8945-4927</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Ga-Young</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>김</surname><given-names>가영</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-0914</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Jung-Wan</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>김</surname><given-names>정완</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8197-811X</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Jo</surname><given-names>Mini</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>조</surname><given-names>민이</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3789-7048</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yun</surname><given-names>Hee Jung</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>윤</surname><given-names>희정</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4040-7206</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>Young Sang</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>조</surname><given-names>영상</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><sup>5</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3613-0734</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moon</surname><given-names>Il Joon</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>문</surname><given-names>일준</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><sup>5</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><sup>6</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff-alternatives id="af1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>1</label>Hearing Research Laboratory, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>1</label>삼성서울병원 청각연구실</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
<aff-alternatives id="af2-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>2</label>Medical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>2</label>성균관대학교 의과대학 의학연구소</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
<aff-alternatives id="af3-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>3</label>Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>3</label>성균관대학교 삼성융합의과학원 디지털헬스학과</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
<aff-alternatives id="af4-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>4</label>Department of Speech and Language Pathology, College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>4</label>대구대학교 재활과학대학 언어치료학과</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
<aff-alternatives id="af5-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>5</label>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>5</label>성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 이비인후과학교실</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
<aff-alternatives id="af6-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>6</label>SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Kore</aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>6</label>성균관대학교 삼성융합의과학원</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">Address for correspondence Il Joon Moon, MD, PhD Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea Tel +82-2-3410-3579 Fax +82-2-3410-3879 E-mail <email>moonij@skku.edu</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>1</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>18</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>67</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>9</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage><history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>15</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>6</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>10</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright &#x000a9; 2024 Korean Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license>
<license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<sec><title>Background and Objectives</title>
<p>Several studies have proven that listening efforts cause neuroanatomical and physiological changes in the frontal lobe in adults with hearing loss as well as in the elderly with normal hearing. However, there is still a lack in research into how brain function changes when the cognitive load is increased based on noise level. We conducted a preliminary study using functional near-infrared spectroscopy to determine differences in listening effort according to varying listening conditions.</p></sec>
<sec><title>Subjects and Method</title>
<p>Five adults with normal hearing participated in the study. Listening effort was measured in three listening environments (resting, quiet, and noise) using NIRSIT Lite (OBELAB, Seoul, Korea). The measures variables were concentration changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (&#x00394;HbO2) and the percent correct response rate.</p></sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>As a result of &#x00394;HbO2, channels 1 (<italic>p</italic>&#x0003d;0.045), 5 (<italic>p</italic>&#x0003d;0.042) and 7 (<italic>p</italic>&#x0003d;0.033) (right channels) showed significantly higher &#x00394;HbO2 in the noise condition than in the resting condition. In addition, in channel 1, &#x00394;HbO2 was significantly higher even in the quiet condition than in the resting condition (<italic>p</italic>&#x0003d;0.041). The percent correct response rate was significantly decreased in the noise condition (35.6%) as compared to the quiet condition (64.4%) (<italic>p</italic>&#x0003d;0.024).</p></sec>
<sec><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>We observed that a decrease in cerebral localization to compensate through the right hemisphere was presented with increased listening effort. The results of the study will be useful in situations where listening effort need to be accurarely measured.</p></sec>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>Cognition</kwd>
<kwd>Hearing</kwd>
<kwd>Listening effort</kwd>
<kwd>Speech perception</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>서 론</title>
<p>연령과 관련된 청력 손실은 보통 고주파 영역에 해당하므로 특히 듣기 어려운 상황에서 말을 이해하고 처리하는 데 장애를 초래한다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">1</xref>&#x0005d;. 듣기는 의도와 주의를 기울여 듣는 과정으로 정의되는데&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">2</xref>&#x0005d;, 주의력, 자극의 시연(rehearsal), 듣기 어려운 환경에서 주의 및 인지적 자원(cognitive resources)의 할당(allocation)과 같은 정신적 노력을 기울일 때 듣기 노력(listening effort)이라는 용어를 사용하게 된다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">4</xref>&#x0005d;. 듣기 노력이 증가하면 다른 인지 처리에 사용할 수 있는 자원이 감소하기 때문에&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">5</xref>&#x0005d; 듣기 노력은 노인성 난청뿐만 아니라 듣기 어려운 상황에서 정상 청력을 가진 개인에게도 중요한 역할을 한다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">6</xref>&#x0005d;.</p>
<p>전통적으로 듣기 노력을 측정하는 방법에는 자가 보고(self-report), 행동학적 측정(behavioral measures), 생리학적 측정(physiological measures) 등이 있다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">8</xref>&#x0005d;. 자가 보고는 설문지를 통해 본인이 느끼는 듣기 노력의 정도를 리커트 척도(Likert scale) 또는 시각적 아날로그 척도(visual analogue scale)로 표시하게 하여 주관적으로 측정하는 것이다. 행동학적 측정은 주로 이중 과제(dual-task)로 정반응률과 반응 시간을 통해 듣기 노력의 정도를 측정한다. 생리학적 측정은 기능적 자기공명영상(functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI), 뇌파검사(electroencephalography), 동공 크기 측정법(pupillometry), 피부 전도 측정법(skin conductance) 등을 통해 듣기 노력의 정도를 측정한다.</p>
<p>선행연구에서는 여러 가지 방법을 통해 듣기 노력을 측정하고 있지만 단일 측정 방법만을 사용하여 듣기 노력을 측정할 경우 민감도(sensitivity)와 신뢰도(reliability)가 낮은 것으로 보고된다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">9</xref>&#x0005d;. 한 연구에서는 여러 듣기 노력 측정 방법 중 동공 크기 측정법이 가장 신뢰도가 높은 것으로 확인되었지만&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">9</xref>&#x0005d;, 동공 크기의 변화는 측정 시 빛의 양 등 다른 혼란 변수를 통제하기 어렵고, 동공 크기 측정 장비 자체가 서양인의 얼굴 체형에 맞춰 개발되어 국내 대상자들에게 적용했을 경우 동공 자체가 탐지되지 않아 실험하기 어려운 경우가 많다.</p>
<p>듣기 능력의 저하는 신경 해부학적으로 뇌의 구조에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 고주파수 청력 손실과 청각 피질의 회백질 부피 감소 간에는 상관 관계가 있고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">11</xref>&#x0005d;, 소음하 문장재인능력의 감소는 상측두엽, 전두엽, 뇌섬, 해마의 회백질 감소와 관련이 있다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">12</xref>&#x0005d;. 그리고 인지 부하가 가중되는 듣기 노력 과제에서도 전두엽의 회백질 손상과 관련성을 보여&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">13</xref>&#x0005d;, 말지각에서 중요한 역할을 하는 전두엽이 청력 손실이나 일상 생활 청취 등과 긴밀히 연관되어 있음을 알 수 있다.</p>
<p>최근에는 전통적 듣기 노력 측정 방법에서 벗어나 다차원적으로 듣기 노력 측정이 이루어지고 있는데 그중 하나가 기능적 근적외선 분광법(functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS)을 이용하는 것이다. fNIRS는 비침습적으로 근적외선을 조사하여 반사된 빛을 검출해 뇌의 혈류량 변화를 확인하는 영상 진단 기법이다. fNIRS를 이용하여 듣기 노력을 측정하는 방법은 듣기 노력 정도 즉, 전전두엽 혈류량의 변화를 실시간으로 측정하여 시간 해상도가 매우 높아 시간-동기화된 정량적인 측정이 가능하다. 이때, 전전두엽의 혈류량 변화가 많을수록 듣기 노력을 많이 하고 있는 것으로 해석한다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">14</xref>&#x0005d;. 난청인의 청각 입력 감소와 소음 조건에 따른 듣기 노력의 증가가 전두엽의 구조적 변화와 연결된다는 보고에 근거해 본다면, 신경생리학적인 분석 방법을 통해 전두엽의 활성도가 어떻게 달라지는지 살펴보는 것은 매우 의의가 있을 것이다.</p>
<p>fNIRS의 여러 장점에도 불구하고 청각 분야에서 fNIRS로 듣기 노력 정도를 측정한 선행연구는 다른 측정기기들에 비해 그 수가 많지 않아 근거가 부족하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 정상 성인에서 fNIRS를 활용해 세 가지 듣기 조건(휴지 상황, 조용한 상황, 소음 상황)에 따라 듣기 노력 정도에 차이가 있는지를 살펴봄으로써 fNIRS가 난청에서 듣기 노력 측정 목적으로 타당성이 있는 기기인지 예비적으로 살펴보고자 한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
<title>대상 및 방법</title>
<sec>
<title>연구 대상</title>
<p>본 연구에는 5명의 건청 성인이 참여하였다. 연구 대상자 선정 기준은 만 18세 이상의 성인으로, 양쪽 귀 순음청력검사(pure-tone audiometry, PTA)의 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz의 평균 청력역치가 25 dB 미만인 자였다. 연구 대상자의 연령 중위수는 30세(사분위수: 23-38세), 성별은 남성 1명(20%), 여성 4명(80%), 손잡이는 오른손잡이 4명(80%), 왼손잡이 1명(20%), 순음청력검사의 오른쪽 평균 청력 중위수는 3.75 dB HL (사분위수: 2.5-5.625 dB HL), 왼쪽 평균 청력 중위수는 1.25 dB HL (사분위수: -0.625 - 5 dB HL)였다(<xref rid="t1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
<p>연구를 진행하기 전, 모든 연구 대상자는 연구 동의서에 직접 서명함으로 연구 참여에 동의하였다. 이 연구의 프로토콜은 삼성서울병원 임상시험심사위원회(IRB No. SMC 2022-07-049-001)에 의해 승인되었다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>연구 기기</title>
<p>듣기 노력 정도를 측정하기 위해 fNIRS인 NIRSIT Lite (OBELAB, Seoul, Korea)를 사용하였다. NIRSIT Lite는 무선 연결을 통해 780 nm와 850 nm 파장의 근적외선 빛을 대뇌 피질에 입사하여 뇌 혈중 산소 포화도 변화를 측정하는 기기이다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>연구 디자인</title>
<p>듣기 노력 정도를 측정하기 위한 실험은 MATLAB R2019a (MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA)를 통해 제작하였다. 실험 조건은 총 세 가지로 휴지 조건, 조용한 조건, 소음 조건이었다. 실험 디자인은 기초선 3초, 문단 제시 20초, 응답 20.5초, 휴지기 15초로 구성하였다(<xref rid="f1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>). 실험은 연구 대상자당 두 세션씩 실시되었고, 한 세션은 12개 또는 13개의 문단으로 구성되었으며, 각 세션에서는 세 가지 조건이 무작위로 제시되었다. 휴지 조건과 조용한 조건에서는 문단이 65 dBA로 제시되었고, 소음 조건에서는 문단과 백색 소음(white noise)이 65 dBA로 동시에 제시되었다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>연구 절차</title>
<p>연구 대상자는 정면에서 1 m 떨어진 스피커 앞에 앉은 후 이마에 NIRSIT Lite를 착용하였다. 기기는 연구 대상자의 눈, 코, 눈썹을 기준으로 이마의 정중앙에 정확하게 위치시킨 후, 이마에 밀착되도록 스트랩을 당겨 이마 양 옆의 벨크로에 붙였다. 기기가 착용되면 기기의 전원을 켜고 컴퓨터의 전용 소프트웨어와 블루투스로 연결하였다. 측정을 시작하기 전 최적의 신호를 획득하기 위해 채널 보정(calibration)을 실시하였다.</p>
<p>측정이 시작되면 연구 대상자는 모니터에 표시되는 &#x0002b;를 응시한 채 정면 스피커에서 제시되는 문단을 듣고 질문에 답을 하였다. 연구 대상자는 질문의 답이 참이면 키보드의 1번 버튼, 거짓이면 2번 버튼을 눌러 답하였다. 휴지 상태에서 연구 대상자는 제시되는 문장을 듣기만 하고 질문에 답하지 않았다(<xref rid="f2-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>데이터 처리</title>
<p>측정된 데이터는 NIRSIT Lite Analysis Tool (OBELAB)을 이용해 분석하였다. 데이터를 분석하기 전 전처리(preprocessing)를 실시하였는데, 환경 잡음(예, 빛, 생리학적 잡음, 몸 움직임)을 최대한 제거하기 위해 0.005-1 Hz의 주파수 대역 필터를 적용하였다. 그리고 신호대잡음비(signal-to-noise ratio)의 역치가 30 dB 미만인 채널은 분석에서 제외하였다. 그 결과 1 세션에서 채널 1이, 4 세션에서 채널 2가 분석에서 제외되었다. 전처리 후에는 분석할 구간의 마커(marker)를 정의하였다. 분석 구간은 문단이 제시되는 20초로 설정하였다.</p>
<p>본 연구에서는 총 15개의 채널(센서 간 거리 3 cm)을 통해 실시간으로 전전두엽의 산소헤모글로빈(oxyhemoglobin) 변화량(&#x00394;HbO2)을 측정하였다. 결과 분석 시에는 변형 베르-람베르트 법칙(modified beer-lambert law)으로 계산한 &#x00394;HbO2를 사용하였다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>통계 분석</title>
<p>세 가지 실험 조건 간 채널별 &#x00394;HbO2를 비교하기 위해 크루스칼 왈리스 검정(Kruskal-Wallis test)을 실시하였다. 사후 분석은 두 조건씩 짝을 지어 맨 휘트니 검정(Mann-Whitney test)을 실시하고, 제1종 오류를 보정하기 위해 본페로니 방법(Bonferroni&#x02019;s method)을 적용하였다. 두 가지 실험 조건(조용한 조건 및 소음 조건) 간 정반응률에 차이가 있는지는 카이제곱 검정(chi-square test)을 통해 확인하였다. 모든 통계적 검정의 유의수준은 0.05 미만으로 하였다. 모든 통계 분석은 IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA)로 실시하였다.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>결 과</title>
<p>전반적으로 &#x00394;HbO2을 살펴본 결과, 휴지 조건, 조용한 조건, 소음 조건 순으로 &#x00394;HbO2이 더 높아졌다(<xref rid="f3-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>).</p>
<p>세 가지 실험 조건 간 채널별 &#x00394;HbO2에 차이가 있는지 살펴본 결과, 채널 1 (<italic>&#x003c7;</italic><sup>2</sup>(2)&#x0003d;8.310, <italic>p</italic>&#x0003d;0.016), 채널 5 (<italic>&#x003c7;</italic><sup>2</sup>(2)&#x0003d;6.165, <italic>p</italic>&#x0003d;0.046), 채널 7 (<italic>&#x003c7;</italic><sup>2</sup>(2)&#x0003d;6.730, <italic>p</italic>&#x0003d;0.033)에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 유의한 차이를 보이는 채널 1, 채널 5, 채널7에 대해 사후분석을 실시한 결과, 채널 1에서 휴지 조건보다 조용한 조건(<italic>p</italic>&#x0003d;0.041), 휴지 조건보다 소음 조건(<italic>p</italic>&#x0003d;0.045)이, 채널 5에서 휴지 조건보다 소음 조건(<italic>p</italic>&#x0003d;0.042)이, 채널 7에서 휴지 조건보다 소음 조건(<italic>p</italic>&#x0003d;0.033)이 &#x00394;HbO2이 유의하게 더 높았다(<xref rid="t2-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>).</p>
<p>두 가지 실험 조건 간 정반응률에 차이가 있는지 살펴본 결과, 유의한 차이가 있었다(<italic>&#x003c7;</italic><sup>2</sup>(1)&#x0003d;5.128, <italic>p</italic>&#x0003d;0.024). 조용한 조건에서의 정반응률은 64.4%, 소음 조건에서의 정반응률은 35.6%로 조용한 조건에서의 정반응률이 더 높았다(<xref rid="t3-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>고 찰</title>
<p>난청 성인뿐만 아니라 정상 청력 노인에 이르기까지 듣기 노력이 전두엽의 증가된 활동과 관련 있다는 증거는 과제 기반 신경영상 연구를 통해 지속적으로 제기되어 왔다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">15</xref>&#x0005d;. 그러나, 실험 샘플 크기, 소음 조건의 다양성, 인지 부하 과제의 유형 등 고려해야 할 요소가 많고, 실험 패러다임이 연구마다 달라 일치된 증거를 확보하기 어려웠다. 본 연구에서는 전전두엽 뇌혈류량의 변화를 좌우 반구 각기 관찰할 수 있는 fNIRS를 활용해 휴지 조건, 조용한 조건, 소음 조건 간 요구되는 듣기 노력의 차이가 신경 생리학적으로 어떻게 발현되는지 건청 성인을 대상으로 예비 연구를 진행하였다.</p>
<p>듣기 노력을 결정 이론(decision theory)과 인지적 자원의 측면에서 살펴보면, 듣기 노력은 듣는 과정에서 특정 대사물질의 소비량(예, 듣기 시 뇌 혈류량의 변화)을 직접적으로 측정하여 그 정도를 가늠할 수 있다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">17</xref>&#x0005d;. 인지적 자원 측면에서 듣기 노력은 듣기 어려운 상황(예, 소음이 많은 상황)을 극복하여 듣고자 하는 목적을 달성하기 위해 인지적 자원을 어떻게, 얼마나 할당하는가를 설명한다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">4</xref>&#x0005d;. 듣기 노력을 위한 인지적 자원으로는 작업 기억(working memory), 집중력(attention), 집행 기능(executive function) 등이 거론된다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">18</xref>&#x0005d;.</p>
<p>&#x00394;HbO2 결과, 휴지 조건보다 소음 조건에서 우뇌 반구의(채널 1, 5, 7) 변화량이 커 좌뇌 반구보다 활성도가 높았다. 일반적으로 언어 처리는 좌뇌 반구에서 일어나는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 소음이 많은 환경에서 청각 신호가 감소하면, 이를 인지하기 위해 더 많은 인지적 자원이 필요하게 된다. 이때, 좌뇌 뿐만 아니라 우뇌에서도 듣기 노력을 위한 인지적 자원이 할당되고, 언어 처리에서 좌뇌와 우뇌의 참여가 비슷하게 일어나게 된다. 즉, 뇌의 편재화(localization)가 감소하게 되어, 언어 처리에 참여하는 뇌 영역이 좀 더 분산되게 된다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjorl-hns-2023-00262">19</xref>&#x0005d;.</p>
<p>연구 대상자의 수가 적은 것은 연구의 한계점 중 하나이다. 연구 결과를 일반화 시키기 위해 더 많은 대상자를 포함한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다. 그리고 본 연구는 건청인들을 대상으로 수행되어 난청 환자들에게도 적용할 수 있는지 여부는 불명확하다. 연구 결과를 확대 적용하기 위해서는 난청 환자들을 대상으로 한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다. 또한, 건청 성인들을 대상으로 소음 조건 여부에 따라 좌우 반구 활성화 양상을 살펴본 본 연구 결과를 기반으로 향후 보청기의 사용이 인지 부하 감소로 이어지는지 탐색해 볼 수도 있을 것이다.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack><p>All participants singed an informed consent form before conducting the experiments. The protocol of this study has been approved by Samsung Medical Center (IRB approval number SMC 2022-07-049-001).</p><p>This study was supported by Samsung Medical Center Grant #SMO1220241.</p><p>This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (#2022R1A6A3A01086146).</p></ack>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="participating-researchers"><p><bold>Author contributions</bold></p>
<p>Conceptualization: all authors. Data curation: Ga-Young Kim. Formal analysis: Ga-Young Kim. Funding acquisition: Ga-Young Kim, Il Joon Moon. Investigation: Mini Jo, Hee Jung Yun. Methodology: Ga-Young Kim, Il Joon Moon. Project administration: Mini Jo, Hee Jung Yun. Resources: Il Joon Moon. Software: Ga-Young Kim. Supervision: Il Joon Moon. Validation: Jung-Wan Kim, Il Joon Moon. Visualization: Ga-Young Kim. Writing&#x02014;original draft: Ga-Young Kim, Jung-Wan Kim. Writing&#x02014;review &amp; editing: Jung-Wan Kim, Young Sang Cho, Il Joon Moon.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sec sec-type="display-objects">
<title>Figures and Tables</title>
<fig id="f1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" position="float">
<label>Fig. 1.</label><caption><p>Listening effort task paradigm used for the study.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="kjorl-hns-2023-00262f1.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f2-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" position="float">
<label>Fig. 2.</label><caption><p>Experiment on listening effort using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Scene of task (A) and Brodmann mapping of NIRSIT Lite (OBELAB) channels (B). Adapted from NIRSIT Lite Manual with permission of OBELAB Inc.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="kjorl-hns-2023-00262f2.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f3-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" position="float">
<label>Fig. 3.</label><caption><p>Action maps of the three conditions during the task. A: Resting condition. B: Quiet condition. C: Noise condition.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="kjorl-hns-2023-00262f3.tif"/></fig>
<table-wrap id="t1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" position="float">
<label>Table 1.</label>
<caption><p>Participants&#x02019; characteristics</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">No.</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Age (yr)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Sex</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Handedness</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">PTA (dB HL)<hr/></th>
</tr><tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Right</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Left</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">1</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">32</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Female</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Right</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">3.75</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">2.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">23</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Female</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Right</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">2.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">1.25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">3</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">30</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Female</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Left</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">1.25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">23</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Female</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Right</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">2.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">-2.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">44</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Male</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Right</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">6.25</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">7.5</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn><p>Pure-tone average (PTA) was calculated from air-conduction hearing level (dB) at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>

<table-wrap id="t2-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" position="float">
<label>Table 2.</label>
<caption><p>Relative changes in oxyhemoglobin per channels</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Dependent variable</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Conditions</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Number</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean rank</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">&#x003C7;<sup>2</sup></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle"><italic>p</italic></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Post-hoc</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch1</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">9</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">7.78</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">8.310</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.016<sup><xref rid="tfn1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="3">R&#x0FF1C;Q, R&#x0FF1C;N</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">9</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">17.33</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">9</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">16.89</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch2</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">5.40</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">3.140</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.208</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">8.20</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10.40</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch3</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">14.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.622</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.733</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">15.40</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">17.10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch4</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10.90</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">4.841</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.089</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">16.10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">19.50</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch5</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10.30</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">6.165</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.046<sup><xref rid="tfn1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R&#x0FF1C;N</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">16.20</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">20.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch6</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">12.80</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">2.960</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.228</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">14.40</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">19.30</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch7</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">9.90</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">6.730</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.033<sup><xref rid="tfn1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R&#x0FF1C;N</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">16.70</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">19.90</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch8</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10.50</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">5.419</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.067</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">16.50</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">19.50</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch9</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">14.30</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">1.311</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.519</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">14.10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">18.10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch10</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10.80</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">4.385</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.112</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">17.20</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">18.50</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch11</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10.30</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">5.298</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.071</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">17.60</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">18.60</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch12</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">15.40</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">2.728</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.256</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">12.30</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">18.80</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch13</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10.70</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">4.965</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.084</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">16.50</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">19.30</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch14</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">14.20</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.333</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.847</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">16.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">16.30</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Ch15</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Resting</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">11.30</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">3.455</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">0.178</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">18.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">17.20</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tfn1-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><label>*</label><p><italic>p</italic>&#x0FF1C;0.05.</p></fn>
<fn><p>R, resting condition; Q, quiet condition; N, noise condition</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>

<table-wrap id="t3-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" position="float">
<label>Table 3.</label>
<caption><p>Difference in the response rate according to conditions</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Conditions</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Response<hr/></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Total (n=105)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&#x003C7;<sup>2</sup></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2"><italic>p</italic></th>
</tr><tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">TRUE (n=73)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">FALSE (n=32)</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Quiet</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">47 (64.4)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">13 (40.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">60 (57.1)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">5.128</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">0.024<sup><xref rid="tfn2-kjorl-hns-2023-00262" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">Noise</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">26 (35.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">19 (59.4)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">45 (42.9)</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn><p>Data are presented as n (%).</p></fn>
<fn id="tfn2-kjorl-hns-2023-00262"><label>*</label><p><italic>p</italic>&#x0FF1C;0.05</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</back></article>