Article information

Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg. 2022;65(6):343-346

Publication date (electronic) : 2022 February 14

doi : https://doi.org/10.3342/kjorl-hns.2021.00283

Joon Hyung Kim¹, Gwi Eun Yeo², Taehoon Kim², Yong Tae Hong^,3

¹Department of Ophthalmology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea

²Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea

³Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Research Institute for Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea

김준형¹, 여귀은², 김태훈², 홍용태^,3

¹전북대학교 안과학교실

²전북대학교 마취통증의학교실

³전북대학교 이비인후과학교실

Address for correspondence Yong Tae Hong, MD, PhD Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Research Institute for Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, 20 Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54907, Korea Tel +82-63-250-1990 Fax +82-63-250-1986 E-mail centennialman@hanmail.net

Received 2021 April 12; Revised 2021 August 4; Accepted 2021 August 16.

Trans Abstract

Introduction

Transoral endoscopic thyroid surgery vestibular approach (TOETVA) is gaining popularity globally as it leads to excellent cosmetic outcomes. Also, this approach is a minimally invasive approach as it requires less flap elevation compared to other remote access thyroidectomy approaches [1]. Recent studies have also demonstrated that this approach can be safely adopted for thyroid cancer patients [2]. However, there are complications related to this approach which the surgeons should be aware of such as mental nerve injury, oral commissure tearing, chin flap perforation, CO2 embolism, and subcutaneous emphysema [3,4]. To date, we have experienced more than 70 cases of TOETVA in a tertiary hospital in South Korea. Recently, we encountered a intraocular hemorrhage after total thyroidectomy via TOETVA, in a female patient with thyroid cancer. To our knowledge, in reviewing of English literature, this is a first report regarding intraocular hemorrhage after TOETVA.

Case

An age 41 female patient which diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma by fine needle aspiration cytology in her both thyroid lobes was scheduled for total thyroidectomy. Although she needed total thyroidectomy to eradicate her malignant tumors, she strongly wanted a scar-less approach and decided to receive TOETVA. She had no history of underlying chronic disease. Also, preoperative laboratory tests, electrocardiography, and chest X-ray were in the normal range. When she arrived at the operation room, she was monitored for pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and bispectral index (BIS) monitor (BIS Vista^TM, Aspect Medical Systems InC., Newton, MA, USA). Her pre induction blood pressure was 127/73 mm Hg, heart rate was 86 beats/minute, and peripheral arterial oxygen saturation level was 99%. For induction and maintenance of anesthesia, propofol and remifentanil were administered with a target-controlled infusion device (Orchestra^® Base Primea, Fresenius Kabi, Brezins, France). Infusion was started with the target effect-site concentration (CeT) of propofol 5 μg/mL and remifentanil 3 ng/mL, and after loss of consciousness, rocuronium 40 mg was administered and then tracheal intubation was performed. Recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring was applied throughout the operation. No additional muscle relaxant was administered after anesthesia induction. The patient was placed supine with neck hyperextension by inserting a soft pillow under the shoulder and in a 15° Trendelenburg bed position (Fig. 1). Our detailed surgical technique was based on the Anuwong, et al. [5] report. Briefly, after three incisions were performed in the oral vestibule, tree trocars were inserted. The pressure of inflating CO2 was set at 6 mm Hg with high flow and the anesthesiologist monitored the end-tidal CO2 level during the operation. After the subcutaneous flap was raised, total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection was performed in the usual manner (Fig. 1B). We placed a surgical drainage tube through the small puncture on the axillary area. During the whole operation, blood pressure and other vital signs were stable and end tidal carbon dioxide concentration, and body temperature were 33-38 mm Hg and 36.6°C-36.9°C, respectively. Total anesthetic duration was 258 minutes and total operation time was 203 minutes. After confirming consciousness and the reversal of the muscle blockade, extubation was performed and the patient was transferred to the post anesthesia care unit. Her postoperative outcome was uneventful except that she complained of floating particles in her right eye at operative day. She was referred to the ophthalmologic department for further evaluation. Her visual acuity was 20/20 and intraocular pressure was 13 mm Hg in both eyes which were in normal range. There were no specific findings in the anterior segment of the eye, but there were optic disc hemorrhage, small amount of retinal hemorrhage, and vitreous hemorrhage by fundus examination in her right eye (Fig. 2). We realized that the patient’s symptom began immediately after recovery of her consciousness in the post anesthesia care unit by detailed medical interview. The patient was discharged on postoperative day four with discomfort in her right eye. At one-month follow-up, all of the intraocular hemorrhage was improved by fundus examination and her chief complaint was resolved.

Fig. 1.

The patient’s position and intraoperative view. A: The patient’s position during the operation. The patient was placed supine with neck hyperextension by inserting a soft pillow under the shoulder and in a 15° Trendelenburg bed position. B: Endoscopic view after completion of total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection via trans-oral approach. TA, trachea; RLN, recurrent laryngeal nerve; PT, parathyroid gland; CA, carotid artery.

Fig. 2.

Wide fundus photographies of the patient. A: Wide fundus photography of the patient at first visit. There were optic disc hemorrhage, small amount of retinal hemorrhage, and vitreous hemorrhage. B: Wide fundus photography of the patient at follow-up a month later. All kinds of intraocular hemorrhages were improved. Optic disc hemorrhage: white arrow head, vitreous hemorrhages: white arrows, retinal hemorrhage: black arrow head.

Discussion

Although, TOETVA is now spreading rapidly globally and accepted as a safe approach, it has specific complications such as mental nerve injury, oral commissure tearing, chin flap perforation, CO2 embolism, and subcutaneous emphysema [3,4]. Corneal abrasion has been reported as the most common ocular complication after non-ocular surgery under general anesthesia [6]. However, intraocular hemorrhage after TOETVA has not been reported.

There are many causes of intraocular hemorrhage such as trauma, retinal detachment, chorioretinitis, coagulation factor disorders, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, Terson syndrome, and hypertensive retinopathy. In this case, the patient had no systemic disease or other specific ophthalmologic findings except that during the operation intracranial pressure (ICP) may have increased because of the patient’s position and CO2 insufflation.

Terson syndrome is one of the diseases characterized by vitreous hemorrhage and retinal hemorrhage caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage or elevated ICP [7]. Optic disc hemorrhage also occurs with increased ICP [8]. The mechanism of intraocular hemorrhage from increased ICP is unclear, but it is known that increased ICP is transmitted through the intervaginal space of optic nerve sheath, causing damage to peripapillary tissues [9].

There have been few reports of intraocular hemorrhage after the non-ocular surgery in reviewing the English literatures. Intraocular hemorrhage were occurred after endoscopic spinal surgery, in which it was assumed that ICP might spikes if the dura is inadvertently punctured during the operation and fluid is infused into the subarachnoid space [10]. And, there was a report of intraocular hemorrhage after local anesthetic dental implant surgery, in which Valsalva maneuver during the procedure might increase ICP and led to intraocular hemorrhage [11].

There are many intraoperative factors which influence ICP. Physiologic and anesthetic factors other than surgical factors are main contributors. The neck extension and 15° Trendelenburg bed position could affect the ICP in TOETVA. Neck extension can elevate ICP because the internal jugular vein, the main pathway for cranial blood, may functionally deteriorate and cerebral venous return may be relatively compromised [12].

Additionally, the operative cavity is maintained mainly by CO2 insufflation during the TOETVA. It can cause further complications such as subcutaneous emphysema of the neck and hypercarbia [13]. The end tidal carbon dioxide concentration is another factor that could affect the ICP as hypoventilation induced by increasing carbon dioxide levels results in the vasodilation of blood vessels and elevates the ICP [14]. A Hvidber, et al. [15] reported elevated carbon dioxide level and change in body position during the general anesthisa directly affects the intraocular pressure.

Generally, TOETVA proceeds over one hour. Also, this patient’s procedure consumed more than three hours for TOETVA, as we performed total thyroidectomy and central neck dissection to eradicate her malignant thyroid tumor.

The patient in this case had no special history that caused intraocular hemorrhage and no evidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in preoperative examination. Thus, we deduced the cause of intraocular hemorrhage from increased ICP can be attributable to the extension of the neck in the 15° Trendelenburg bed position, carbon dioxide insufflation, and prolonged operation duration.

In conclusion, surgeons and anesthesiologists should be aware of acute increased ICP during the TOETVA, although rare.

Article information Continued