I. Journal Publication Policies and Procedures

A. Authorship
Authorship credit is based only on having made a substantial contribution to the published work by virtue of meeting all the following four criteria: conception and design of project or analysis of the manuscript data; drafting or critically revising the content of the manuscript submitted for publication; giving final approval of the version to be published, and; agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All four criteria must be met for an individual to be listed as an author or co-author on a published paper. Please note that other criteria, which do not qualify an individual for “author status,” include the following: supplying funding or other resources, collecting data, general supervision of the research group, and being departmental chair or division chief.

B. Ethics
Manuscripts that include information obtained from human or animal research must include (in the text or an appropriate footnote) verification of the review and approval of the appropriate institutional research oversight committee for the reported work. The cover letter must also state if the manuscript contains any portion that may be regarded as redundant or duplicate information, defined as a paper, data tables, or figures that overlap substantially with already published information. We endorse the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and expect that all investigations involving human materials have been performed in accordance with these principles. For animal experiment, “the Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Animals” approved by the American Physiological Society have to be observed. The Editor-in-chief has the right to reject a manuscript if research misconduct is suspected. All Editors, Editorial Board members, and publisher’s staff at Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery take great responsibility to ensure that the highest ethical publication standards are maintained by assisting in safeguarding the medical scientific literature against fraudulent publications. Please note, manuscript submissions are now submitted for plagiarism detection through iThenticate. Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery’s policy is based on the “Guidelines on Good Publication Practice” published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) or International Committee of Medical Journal of Editors (ICMJE). All corresponding authors need to submit a written oath for research and publication of ethics and authors can find more definite information about a written oath on the website (www.kjorl.org).
For studies involving human participants, human-derived materials, medical records, or other human-related data, the name of the Institutional Review Board (IRB), Research Ethics Committee (REC), or equivalent ethics committee and the approval number should be stated in the Methods section, where applicable. If a study is exempt from ethics review or determined not to require such review, this should be stated in the manuscript and should be based on an appropriate institutional or regulatory determination rather than solely on the authors' judgment. For animal studies, the IACUC or equivalent committee and approval number should be stated where applicable. Authors should provide documentation of ethics approval or exemption upon request by the Editorial Office.

C. Copyright
Korean Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery reserves the right to exclusive publication of all accepted manuscripts. Korean Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery has the right of publication, distribution, and printing in Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and other media. The corresponding author should send a signed copyright transfer, which has all authors’ signatures. Authors are required to upload copyrights and author disclosure form during e-submission.

D. Conflict of interest
A conflict of interest may exist when an author (or the author’s institution or employer) has financial or personal relationships that could inappropriately influence (or bias) the author’s decisions, work, or manuscript. The corresponding author of an article is asked to let the Editor-in-chief know potential conflict of interest, possibly influencing their interpretation of data. Potential conflict of interest is applied even when the authors are confident that their judgments have not been influenced in the manuscript. Such conflicts may be financial support or connections to pharmaceutical companies, political pressure from interest groups, or academic problems. The Editor-in-chief will decide whether the information of the conflict should be included in the published paper. Before publishing such information, the Editor-in-chief will consult with the corresponding author.

E. Publication fee
The publication fee (article processing fee) will be ₩350,000 for the original article and ₩250,000 for the case report. For other article types, it is currently free. After the paper is accepted for publication, the publication fee is charged to the corresponding author, and article processing proceeds after the deposit is confirmed.

II. Manuscript Submission

Authors should not submit the same or similar manuscript to the published article in other journals or schedule it for publication. In addition, the article published in this journal may not be arbitrarily published in other journals. Multiple or duplicate publication may be justifiable when the article meets the policy requirements from the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (https://www.icmje.org/about-icmje/faqs/icmje-recommendations/).

A. Article types
The article should include scientific and original contents to help identify the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of otolaryngology-related disorders. The types of articles include original article, review, case report, editorial, how I do it, and letter to the editor. Each article is defined as follows:

1) Original article
Based on the results of basic and clinical researches conducted in a scientifically high-quality and original manner, it contains articles that are clinically and academically acceptable to critical readers.

2) Review
It is a study focused on subjects of importance to medical researchers and clinicians, and is invited by the Editorial Boards. The format is same as original article, but each component is freely described according to the contents of the study.

3) Case report
Case reports are published not simply for the rareness, but when considered as academically valuable, and one should note the high rejection rate.

4) Editorial
Editorial is invited by the Editorial Boards and deals with the topics selected by the Editorial Board Committee.

5) How I do it
It may include new surgical procedures around a field, such as otology, rhinology, or head and neck surgery.

6) Letters to the Editor
It may include constructive criticism or personal opinion regarding the published article, or general concerns of the otolaryngologists, or personal opinion on a particular subject in the field. Editorial Board members can edit the submitted article and, if necessary, request a reply from corresponding authors.

B. Categories of publications
Manuscripts are categorized into four subdivisions as follows. Authors should check their subdivisions during online submissions. However, it can be recategorized by editor when necessary.
1) Otology
2) Rhinology
3) Head and Neck
4) General

C. Manuscript Preparation
All manuscripts should be concisely written and should contain complete documentation of results. References should be selected to document key ideas and observations. Manuscripts must be written in Korean or English. All original articles should include, in the following order: (1) title page, (2) abstract and keywords, (3) text, (4) acknowledgments, (5) references, (6) tables, (7) figure legends, and (8) figures.

1. Format: Manuscript should be prepared using Microsoft (MS) Word and be typed in the 12-point type with 3-centimeter margins on every side. Double line-spacing should be used throughout on one side of single A4 (21×30 cm) sheets.
2. Units of measurement: Authors should express all measurements in conventional units, with “Le Systeme International d’Unites” (SI units) given in parentheses throughout the text.
3. Abbreviations: Except for units of measurement, abbreviations are strongly discouraged. Except for units of measurement, the first time an abbreviation appears, it should be preceded by its full form.

1) Title page
This should contain the title of an article, full names of authors, and institutional affiliation(s). If several authors and institutions are listed, it should be clearly indicated with which department and institution each author is affiliated. In a separate paragraph, address for correspondence, including the name of corresponding author, degree, address (institutional affiliation, city, zip-code and country telephone and fax numbers, and e-mail address) should be given. The corresponding author will receive all correspondence regarding the manuscript, as well as proof pages and reprint requests. Further, indicate where the paper was presented, and if applicable, provide a brief acknowledgment of any grants and/or other assistance received. A running title, with 50 characters or less (including spaces), should be included, without declarative or interrogative sentences.

2) Abstract and Keywords
Abstract must be organized and formatted according to the following headings: (1) Background and Objectives, (2) Materials (Subjects) and Method, (3) Results, and (4) Conclusion. The abstract length should typically be 250 words in English. Up to five keywords should be listed at the bottom of abstract to be used as index terms. For the selection of keywords, refer Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) in Index Medicus. If suitable MeSH terms are not yet available for recently introduced terms, present terms may be used.

3) Text
The text is to be divided into five sections with the following headings: Introduction, Materials (Subjects) and Method, Results, and Discussion. Define abbreviations at first mention in text and in each table and figure. If a brand name is cited, supply the manufacturer’s name and address (city and state/country). Maximum length of manuscript is 3,500 words in English and 10,000 words in Korean (exclusive of the title page and abstract), 50 references, and a total 10 images.

(a) Introduction
Brief background, references to the most pertinent papers generally enough to inform readers, and relevant findings of others are described. The specific question, which the authors’ investigation studies, should be also described.

(b) Materials (Subjects) and Method
Explanation of the experimental methods should be concise and sufficient for repetition by other qualified investigators. Procedures that have been published previously should not be described in detail. However, new or significant modifications of previously published procedures need full descriptions. The sources of special chemicals or preparations should be given along with their location (name of company, city and state, and country). Ensure correct use of the terms sex (when reporting biological factors) and gender (identity, psychosocial or cultural factors), and, unless inappropriate, report the sex and/or gender of study participants, the sex of animals or cells, and describe the methods used to determine sex and gender. If the study involved an exclusive population, for example only one sex, authors should justify why, except in obvious cases (e.g., prostate cancer). Authors should define how they determined race or ethnicity and justify their relevance. Method of statistical analyses and criteria of significance level should be described. In Case Reports, case history or case description replace the Materials and Method section as well as Results section.

(c) Results
This part should be presented logically using text, table, and illustrations. Excessive repetition of table or figure contents should be avoided. At the end of results, emphasize or summarize only important observations.

(d) Discussion
The data should be interpreted concisely without repeating materials already presented in the results section. Speculation is permitted, but it must be supported by the presented data of authors and be well founded.

4) Acknowledgments
All persons who have made substantial contribution, but who are not eligible as authors are named in the acknowledgment.

5) References
Citation of references in the text should be made by giving consecutive number in parenthesis. They should be listed in the order of citation in the text with consecutive number in this separate section. List all authors up to six. If more than six, list the first six and add “et al.” The titles of journals should be abbreviated according to the style used in Index Medicus.

(a) Style for papers in periodicals is: name and initials of six authors, et al(.) full title of article(.) journal name( ) year(;) volume(:)first page(-)last page numbers(.)
Kim CS, Choi BY, Hwang CH, Ahn SH, Park JB, Koo JW, et al. Clinical presentation and management of labyrinthine fistula in chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma. Korean J Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2002;45(11):1039-45.

(b) Style for Book: name and initials of all authors(.) title of the book(.) edition(.) place(:) publisher(;)year(.) (p.)first page(-) last page(.)
Park IY, Yoon JH, Lee JG, Chung IH. Surgical anatomy of the nose. 1st ed. Seoul, Korea: Academya;2001. p.90- 100.

(c) Style for chapter of a book: name and initials of all authors(.) title of the chapter(.) (In: )editor of the book (, editor.) title of the book(.) edition(.) place(:) publisher(;)year(.) (p.)first page(-)last page(.)
Bastian RW. Benign vocal fold mucosal disorders. In: Cummings CW, Fredrickson JM, Harker LA, Krause CJ, Schuller DE, editors. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 3rd ed. St Louis: Mosby Year Book;1998. p.2096-129.

(d) Conference proceedings
Virolainen A, Saxen H, Leinonen N. Antibody response to pneumolysin in children with acute otitis media. In: Lim DJ, Bluestone CD, Klein JO, Nelson JD, Ogura PL, editors. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media; 1991 May 20-24; Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. Hamilton: Decker Periodicals;1993. p.205-6.

(e) Dissertation
Kaplan SJ. Post-hospital home health care: the elderly’s access and utilization [dissertation]. St. Louis(MO): Washington Univ.;1995.

(f) In press
Leshner AI. Molecular mechanisms of cocaine addiction. N Eng J Med. In press 1996.

(g) Electronic Material
Journal article in electronic format: Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online] 1995 Jan-Mar [cited 1996 Jun 5]; 1(1): [24 screens]. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/eid.htm.
Monograph in electronic format: CDI, clinical dermatology illustrated (monograph on CD-ROM). Reeves JRT, Maibach H. CMEA Multimedia Group, producers. 2nd. Version 2.0. San Diego: CMEA;1995. Computer file: Hemodynamics III: the ups and downs of hemodynamics [computer program]. Version 2.2. Orlando (FL): Computerized Educational Systems;1993.

(h) Authors should compile lists of references for their publications in accordance with the Citing Medicine, NLM style guide.

6) Tables
Tables must be cited in the order in which they appear in the text using Arabic numerals. The table’s legend may include any pertinent notes and must include definitions of all abbreviations and acronyms that have been used in the table. Tables submitted with multiple parts will be renumbered. The significance of results should be indicated by appropriate statistical analysis. For footnotes use the following symbols, in sequence: *, †, ‡, §, ?, ¶, **, ††, ‡‡. All units of measurement and concentration should be designated. If you use data from another published or unpublished source, obtain permission and acknowledge them fully.

7) Figure and Legends
Figures must be cited in the order they appear in the text using Arabic numerals. Figure legends should appear within the document in a separate section after the references. Figure legends are required for all article types and should be double-spaced in the manuscript. All relevant and explanatory information extraneous to the actual figure, including figure part labels, footnotes, abbreviations, acronyms, arrows, and levels of magnification in insets, should be defined in the legend text. If figures have multiple parts (e.g., A, B, C, D), each part must be counted as a separate image in the total number allowed. Submit a photograph that will not reveal the person’s identity. Figures must be submitted as separate files saved in JPEG, TIFF, GIF, EPS, or PPT format (do not embedded the figures in the Microsoft Word manuscript file). The figure resolution should be at least 600 dpi for grayscale and color images, and 1,200 dpi for line figures at final size. Color images must be saved in CMYK mode (and not in RGB mode).

Case report
Submissions should include an Introduction and Discussion. Word count: 1500 words (max), Abstract: 150 words (max), References: 15 references (max), and a total four authors (max).

How I do it
The inclusion of a video for “How I do it” submissions is recommended. See below for information about how to prepare a video with your submission, which must be edited for flow and transitions, and include annotations identifying all important points; narration is recommended. If the video contains patient footage, please follow the “Publication Ethics Statement of Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery,” which also applies to videos. Word count: 1500 words (max) References: 20 references (max) Figures/Table: No more than a total of 6 figures and tables Description: Provide a novel, substantive approach to an existing clinical practice “How I do it” should be formatted as follows: Keywords, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and/or Video.

Other requirements are in accordance with the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors’ Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (https://www.icmje.org/about-icmje/faqs/icmje-recommendations/)

D. Manuscript Submission

1) Authors must submit their manuscript online through https://submit.kjorl.org and the instructions on the site should be closely followed. Enter your ID and password into the boxes provided. Through individual Author Centers on this website, authors can view the status of their manuscripts as they progress through the review process. Notification of the disposition of each manuscript will be sent by E-mail to the corresponding author on the day of decision.

2) Editorial and peer review process and acceptance: Manuscripts submitted online are received on the day of submission and quickly assigned to two reviewers (peer review). Acceptance, rejection, and revision of the manuscript is decided, based on the critiques and recommended decision of the referees. The corresponding authors are recommended to follow this decision. After this correction, the reviewers contemplate the revised manuscript and author’s opinions. If final revised manuscript coincides with publication style and standard, acceptance and publication issue of the manuscript is decided.

3) Revised Manuscripts and Submission: Three repeated decisions of “review after revision” are regarded as “rejection.” If you have been invited to submit a revised manuscript, please submit it online via your author center following instructions found there. The reviewed manuscripts are returned back to the corresponding author with comments and recommended revisions. Please include your responses to the reviewer comments and a cover letter to the Editor-in-chief.

4) Upon submission of a manuscript, authors should upload a copyright release / author agreement form and author disclosure form during e-submission. The journal reserves the right to edit the language of papers accepted for publication for clarity and grammatical correctness, and to make formal changes to ensure compliance with this journal. Proofs will be sent to the corresponding author for final approval.

Ⅲ. Policy on the Use of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Technologies

The Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery recognizes that artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technologies are increasingly used in manuscript preparation, research, peer review, and scholarly publishing. The Journal supports the responsible use of such technologies when their use is transparent, appropriately supervised, and consistent with research integrity, confidentiality, and human accountability.

For the purposes of this policy, AI-assisted technologies include large language models, chatbots, AI-assisted writing and translation tools, image-generation tools, and other generative or automated AI systems.

1. Disclosure of AI Use by Authors
Authors must disclose the use of AI-assisted technologies when such tools are used to create, revise, translate, summarize, paraphrase, analyze, or edit substantive parts of a manuscript or related content.

Routine, non-substantive assistance, such as conventional spell-checking or basic grammar, formatting, and reference-style correction, does not require disclosure. However, AI-assisted language editing, translation, summarization, paraphrasing, drafting, or other substantive modification of text must be disclosed.

AI use must be declared at the time of submission in the cover letter and documented in the manuscript. AI-assisted manuscript-preparation activities should be described in a dedicated “Use of AI” statement or, where appropriate, in the Acknowledgments section. When AI-assisted technologies are used as part of the research methodology, data processing, data analysis, or another scientific procedure, their use must be described in the Materials and Methods section with sufficient detail to allow appropriate scientific evaluation and, where applicable, reproducibility.

The disclosure should identify, as applicable, the AI tool and provider, the version or model if available, its purpose, and the part of the manuscript or research process in which it was used.

AI-assisted editorial or production activities initiated by the Journal after acceptance are governed by Section 5 and are not regarded as AI use by the authors for disclosure purposes.

2. Authorship, Responsibility, and Research Integrity
AI-assisted technologies, including large language models, do not meet the criteria for authorship and must not be listed as authors or co-authors.

All authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, validity, integrity, and ethical compliance of their work, including content generated, translated, edited, analyzed, or otherwise modified with AI assistance. Authors must carefully review and verify AI-assisted content, including factual statements, references and citations, statistical interpretations, translations, scientific terminology, and visual content.

AI-assisted technologies must not be used to fabricate, invent, falsify, or deceptively manipulate references, citations, patient information, clinical findings, research results, or other scholarly content. AI-generated content must not be cited as a primary source, and authors remain responsible for appropriate attribution and avoidance of plagiarism.

AI-assisted technologies must not be used to fabricate, falsify, or materially alter primary research data or images, including patient photographs, endoscopic or operative images, radiologic images, pathology or histology images, microscopy images, Western blots, electrophoretic gels, flow cytometry plots, or other primary research evidence.

Authors must not enter patient-identifiable information, confidential third-party information, or other protected data into AI systems unless appropriate confidentiality and data-protection safeguards are in place.

When an AI-assisted method is itself an object or component of the research, its use must be transparently described in the Materials and Methods section.

3. AI-Assisted Illustrative Content
AI-assisted technologies may be used to create non-evidentiary illustrative content, including conceptual illustrations, biological pathway diagrams, workflow figures, educational schematics, and visual summary materials, provided that such content does not constitute or purport to represent primary research data, actual patient findings, or experimental observations.

Authors must verify the scientific accuracy and appropriateness of AI-assisted visual content, ensure that it does not infringe copyright, intellectual property, privacy, or other third-party rights, and appropriately disclose such use in the relevant figure legend and the manuscript's AI disclosure statement.

General-purpose generative AI image tools must not be used to generate a complete graphical abstract. However, limited use of AI-assisted technologies is permitted for non-evidentiary visual elements within a graphical abstract or other visual summary figure, provided that such elements do not represent or resemble primary research data, patient findings, clinical images, or experimental observations. The overall scientific content, structure, and interpretation of the final figure must remain under the authors' control and responsibility. Any such AI-assisted use must be appropriately disclosed.

Data-derived visualizations, including graphs, charts, plots, heatmaps, and other figures that represent research data or results, must be generated directly from the underlying data using transparent and, where applicable, reproducible analytical, computational, or statistical methods. General-purpose generative AI tools must not be used to generate or materially modify such visualizations.

This restriction does not apply when an AI-assisted method is itself an integral part of the research methodology or data analysis. In such cases, the use of AI must be fully described in the Materials and Methods section, and any resulting visualization must faithfully represent the underlying data or analytical output.

The Journal may request additional information or source materials when necessary to verify the provenance, accuracy, or publication rights of AI-assisted visual content.

4. Confidentiality and Use of AI by Reviewers and Editors
Submitted manuscripts and related materials are privileged and confidential communications.

Reviewers, editors, and editorial personnel must not upload unpublished manuscripts, figures, tables, supplementary materials, peer-review materials, review comments, editorial correspondence, or other confidential manuscript content into publicly available or external AI systems where confidentiality cannot be adequately assured, unless explicitly permitted by the Journal or with the authors' explicit permission where applicable.

Reviewers may use AI-assisted tools only to improve the language, grammar, or clarity of their own independently prepared comments, provided that no confidential manuscript content or identifiable information is disclosed. Any such AI use in connection with peer review must be disclosed to the Journal.

Reviewers and editors remain fully responsible for their evaluations, comments, recommendations, and editorial decisions. AI-assisted technologies must not be used to generate, substantially draft, or determine the substance of peer-review reports, editorial assessments, recommendations, or publication decisions, and must never replace human expertise or independent judgment.

5. Use of AI-Assisted Technologies by the Journal
The Journal may use secure automated or AI-assisted tools for editorial screening and production support, provided that manuscript confidentiality is appropriately protected and all editorial decisions remain under human oversight.

For accepted manuscripts originally written in Korean, Journal-approved AI-assisted tools may be used to prepare an English-language version for bilingual publication. Only the minimum textual content necessary for translation or language editing is processed, with confidential or unnecessary materials excluded.

All AI-assisted translations are reviewed by the editorial office. The corresponding author must subsequently review and approve the final English version during the proof stage, including confirmation that it accurately reflects the scientific meaning, data, terminology, and conclusions of the accepted manuscript.

Journal-initiated AI-assisted translation or language editing after acceptance is not regarded as AI use by the authors and does not require an author AI disclosure statement.

6. Compliance and General Principle
Failure to disclose material AI use, misuse of AI-assisted technologies, or submission of inaccurate, misleading, fabricated, falsified, plagiarized, or otherwise inappropriate AI-assisted content may result in editorial inquiry, a request for clarification or revision, rejection, correction, retraction, or other action in accordance with the Journal's publication ethics policies.

AI-assisted technologies should assist, but never replace, human scientific judgment, author responsibility, peer-review expertise, editorial responsibility, or research integrity. The Journal may revise this policy as AI technologies and scholarly publishing standards continue to evolve.